| Breaking
Traditions: A Veterinary Medical and Ethical Perspective |
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Becoming
students of the hoof--where we have been and where we are going:
As a veterinarian studying the equine hoof for
the past few years, I have found that most veterinarians, farriers, and trainers do not
know what a normal horse’s foot looks like, nor do these professionals have a full
understanding of how a normal horse’s hoof functions. From pictures in veterinary
references to diagrams in farrier texts, the equine foot is represented as a structure
devoid of its most beautiful and functional characteristics. The prevalence of hoof
deformities in the general horse population is so common that they are looked upon and
thought to be "normal"--the picture of a narrow, upright hoof, complete with a
steel shoe, has permeated our modern culture so deeply that it will take decades and
generations to replace it with an image of a full, round, unrestricted hoof. Listening to
and depending on veterinarians, farriers, and trainers to tell you what is right and
healthy for your horses shows you respect these professionals, but because most of them
are not experts regarding horse’s hooves, it is critical that you are at least able
to recognize what a normal hoof looks like and know a deformed one when you see it. Only
after you educate yourself in these matters can you have an intelligent conversation with
professionals and make an informed decision regarding their recommendations.
Numerous textbooks, a large number of essays, an increasing number of dissertations and an enormous quantity of clinical evidence supports the position that when steel contacts a horse’s foot, damage occurs. As many of us all ready know, most farriers freely admit that the best possible scenario is to have a horse barefoot. Many experienced farriers encourage their clients to keep their horses barefoot for at least part of the year. Shoeing is spoken of as "a necessary evil". What we now know to be true is that shoeing is never necessary once one studies and becomes familiar with the amazing anatomy and physiology of the hoof. I know that to apply steel to a horse is extremely damaging, and what follows is a synopsis of just a few of the harmful effects of nailing steel on to hooves: We have been looking at our horses' deformed feet for long enough.
Problems actually begin
right when a farrier flattens the solar aspect of the hoof for the application of a shoe.
The horse's foot evolved as a conical structure, within a set of domes and triangles in a
strong dynamic architecture. Flattening the bottom of the equine hoof demonstrably
destroys its ability to efficiently perform all of its functions, and the subsequent
nailing of a rigid steel ring around its lower edges ensures a steady progression towards dis-ease
in the entire horse. Continued shoeing leads to hoof deformation, disease, lameness,
premature loss of use, painful debilitation and eventually early death in well over half
of all domesticated horses in the industrial world today. Nails driven through the hoof walls
allow all manner of bacteria, fungus and filth to enter the foot. The nails and steel shoe
allow concussive forces, vibrations and sudden, extreme changes of temperature to enter
the hoof. Multiple holes in the walls of the hoof over successive applications lead to
direct structural breakdown by causing cracks, breaks, and by physically leveraging the
hoof wall away from deeper hoof structures.
The horse's hoof is designed to handle most of
the shock absorption required for traveling over any terrain; this is accomplished only if
the hoof capsule is allowed to expand upon contact with the earth, passing concussive
forces to the cartilages which surround the more sensitive soft tissues inside the foot.
When steel is fixed to the hoof capsule, the hoof can not adequately expand and the
built-in shock absorbing structures within the hoof can not do their job. Ground forces
that once were directed backward and upward are now primarily directed upward, following a
vector determined by the presence of the nails, leveraging the hoof wall away from the
coffin bone. This is exactly like lifting on the end of your fingernail and tearing it off
the nail bed at the tip of your finger. Every
horse that is shod will have some amount of laminar separation--it is a physiologic
certainty. Whether grossly visible or microscopically, every shod foot has separation.
This situation sets a horse up for chronic laminitis or an acute founder should the horse
overeat or become sick. The sole is held in a vaulted
position in a shod hoof and no longer allowed to flatten slightly with each footfall. It
is now forced to receive a beating from the coffin bone above. All of the joints,
cartilages and ligaments higher in the horse's leg, extending further up and in to the
back and entire body, must now take up the task of dissipating concussive forces, a job
these structures never evolved, nor are designed, to handle. The result is extra wear and
tear which produces measurable damage to these areas. Back soreness and leg lameness are
directly due to damage from concussive forces because the natural shock absorbing function
of the hooves has been compromised by the application of steel shoes.
So,
let's reduce concussion to keep our horses from this damage? Pads fitted to the hoof between sole
and steel shoe do not appreciably increase the shock-absorbing function of the hoof, as
the hoof is still being clamped together, disallowing hoof mechanism. In actuality, the
damage continues to occur, and even a slight increase of pressure on the soles of the hoof
through pad material forces the sole up against the immobilized, unyielding solar corium
within the hoof, causing bruising and reducing blood flow in these areas. The sole often
responds with a "dysplastic" kind of growth. This is an abnormal growth pattern
that is thicker but not as strong or durable as normal sole that forms when a horse is
allowed natural hoof form in a more natural environment. Farriers often misinterpret this
abnormal growth as "healing" and a good thickening of sole, when in fact it
signals the early stages of hoof deterioration. We get used to seeing
abnormalities, not wanting to believe there is damage. This faulty growth does not impress
or alarm most farriers because they are accustomed to seeing abnormal and deformed shod
hooves and improperly trimmed bare hooves. They work with them every day, and though there
are many farriers, veterinarians and other professionals that are aware of the
differences, many more are unaware of what these changes signify. Thus, when a
farrier claims that "none of my clients' shod horses have any problems", they
believe what they say. However, once educated in proper hoof form and function, they have
been able to point out exactly where many of the deformities exist in a shod hoof. The use of pads also increases the
presence of moisture next to the horse's soles, providing a breeding ground for
hoof-rotting bacteria and fungi that soften the soles into a cheesy consistency devoid of
durability. Pads also prevent normal respiration and perspiration that occurs in bare
frogs and soles, impairing the horse’s ability to regulate his body temperature and
excrete waste proteins through exfoliation.
What
amount of concussion is just right? There is an important and
misunderstood role that concussion plays in providing life-giving stimulation to the foot.
The natural hoof has concussion-absorbing properties appropriate for each horse on its
home terrain...it's that simple. When we apply artificial materials and/or conditions to
horse’s hooves, such as steel shoes, pads, plastic "repairs", soft footing
in riding arenas, and bedding in stalls, our interference reduces concussion to a level
below what is appropriate, preventing the vital stimulation needed for the production of
durable hoof tissues, healthy cartilage and ligaments and strong bones. Without concussive
stimulation to the hoof, the horse’s hooves and legs grow weaker and weaker. When
owners attempt to "protect" their horse’s hooves with artificial appliances
and inappropriate conditions, they are actually
promoting weak and faulty growth and nurturing conditions for disease. "My horse just can't go
barefoot..." Some believe their horse, or breeds
of horses, are intolerant of being barefoot. These people have experiences with horses
that got sore feet or feet that deteriorated when allowed to go barefoot. What is likely
is that these horses’ feet are weak, easily chipped, and always bruised and lame
because of a history of being shod, improperly trimmed for a long time, or disallowed
adequate movement on appropriate terrain from birth. It isn’t being barefoot that these horses are
intolerant of--rather it is an intolerance to being shod, improperly trimmed and/or
inappropriately managed.
Shoes interfere with the
hoof’s natural blood-pumping mechanism. One of the greatest damages that
occur because of the application of steel shoes is the greatly reduced circulation within
the hoof, and the diminished return of blood to the heart through the veins of the lower
leg. The natural hoof expands and contracts with each step, letting blood in as it spreads
upon impact with the ground, and squeezing blood up and out of the hoof as it contracts
when it is not bearing weight. Natural hooves perform a critical function as supplementary
"hearts". This function is greatly restricted by immobilizing the hoof with
steel shoes. The reduced circulation in the foot
and leg of the horse harms the horse's entire body. The damage adds up over time, taxing
the body with its attempts to heal, and gradually stressing it beyond it capacity to mend.
Not just the feet are taxed, but all the organs and all metabolic processes. Damaged cells
and tissues are able to heal only so many times, divide so many times, and put up with
insults so many times. Animals die when cells and the organs they make up are no longer
able to divide and repair damage. Debilitating pain and premature death of horses is the
result when we fail to trim hooves properly and/or nail on shoes. Horses’ feet have great strength and durability and perform optimally when proper, bare hoof form exists and when they are kept in the most natural lifestyle possible.
Seeking
out the information and getting help... Straight forward instructions on proper hoof trimming techniques are available in numerous published books, on the internet and in programs for training owners, and re-training farriers. But even with the support and guidance of all available sources, turning around everyone’s attitudes toward shoeing, and changing how we provide good stewardship for our horses (lifestyles and diets), is going to be a real challenge and take some concerted effort by all of us. My original mentor, Martha Olivo, has evolved an easily understandable format with which to approach the horse's hoof and trim it successfully. She has developed United Horsemanship, a worldwide organization that lends itself as the solidarity vehicle for the barefoot movement. There are more and more opportunities becoming available for farriers, veterinarians and horse owners to learn the techniques of natural hoof trimming and the natural lifestyle so vital for its success. When other veterinarians, equine
professionals, and stewards discover the true workings of the horses' hooves they will
cease to perpetrate such harm, and will not stand idly by while others do so. When they
better understand how the horses’ feet are constructed, function, grow, offer
protection and allow proper and vital sensation for the horse to interact with their
environment, these good people will have gained a very powerful new tool. They will no
longer ignorantly resort to or demand the use of a nailed on appliance or a confined
lifestyle for horses. They will stop unknowingly causing pain and premature deaths for the
horses they care about. I understand this now, and I can no
longer keep it to myself, for I took The Veterinarian's Oath nine years ago
“to use my scientific knowledge and skills for the benefit of society through the
protection of animal health, the relief of animal suffering, the conservation of livestock
resources, the promotion of public health, and the advancement of medical knowledge”
to “practice my profession conscientiously, with dignity, and in keeping with the
principles of veterinary medical ethics” and to “accept as a lifelong obligation
the continual improvement of my professional knowledge and competence.”
A
word about integrity and strength of conviction: I will never ask you to consider
shoeing your horse. I have conviction in my belief about this and it is unwavering. I do
not sit on the fence or beat around the bush on this issue. Steel shoes cause harm to
horses, and I simply can't abide that. Some folks can advocate both shoeing and going
barefoot, but I cannot. Some
additional thoughts and feelings: I’m keenly aware of how I seem
to be an "it’s my way or no way" sort of guy, but that’s not true. I
do disdain shoeing horses, and that is a practice near and dear to a lot of people. I call
into question the things they’ve spent their entire lives working on. Naturally,
they’re likely to have an initial, negative reaction, but often, when I get the
opportunity to go beyond the initial reaction and enter into an in-depth exchange with
these same men and women, I encourage them, sometimes rather forcefully, to examine their
beliefs and their practices. It can be a painful process. I’ve had friends and other
people who have put shoes on horses for decades who break down and sob when the truth of
what they have been doing hits them. This is real and it is powerful. I know: I was on the
receiving end of the same process not too long ago. I am extremely grateful to have come
in to this knowledge of the horse's hoof. Gradually more farriers are realizing
that we have better options. Some already encourage people to let their horses go barefoot
"as much as possible", but they and the owners are still not fully convinced or
educated and they go along with the conventional wisdom that horses need shoes nailed to
their feet for "protection" or "support" when they are participating
in activities like jumping and dressage, competitive trail rides, and other demanding
sports or use. But every minute that steel contacts a horse's foot, damage is being done.
In fact, the more extreme of a horse sport you participate in, the more
important it is for your horse to have natural, hard-working, properly-functioning feet.
Reaching
our destinations with our horses...our partners... So in spite of the resistance meet, I
am dedicated to help with the "wake up call". I feel that farriers and
veterinarians and trainers and horse people everywhere must learn the truth and tell their
clients, friends, and colleagues that shoeing horses damages them and robs them of years
of their lives. I want everyone to know that steel on a horse’s hoof is not
acceptable. It is the horses that especially want and need this knowledge to become
mainstream. Farriers are important professionals
in the equine world and horses and stewards count on them. They need to learn what is
going on inside the horse's foot and learn how to trim a foot to achieve a healthy hoof
form. They need to help educate horse owners who relay on them for guidance. They need to
know about and talk-up the judicious use of hoof boots so owners know they have a way to
provide real hoof protection without damaging their horses’ feet, on more natural
means of horse care and management – getting horses out of stalls, feeding them fewer
rich foods and more grass in their diet, and letting horses be together in herds where
they naturally belong. Farriers, if you let people know that
you are dedicated to the welfare of the horse, the monetary rewards will still be there,
and with less strenuous work, and if you become knowledgeable and practiced enough, you will
be able to save the lives of many laminitic horses others ailing from hoof problems that
would not be able to heal if they were treated only with conventional methods, such as
so-called "therapeutic" shoeing. Money aside, the personal rewards are terrific.
"Barefoot-friendly"
veterinarians are rare and very badly needed. In a huge percentage of equine veterinary
schools and clinics the world over, the highly effective therapy of natural lifestyle and
the natural barefoot trim are not even mentioned as treatment options for lame and
foundered horses. This is unacceptable. As time goes by, veterinarians and
other equine professionals will be unable to ignore the mountain of clinical and
scientific data related to the harm done by the use of the horse shoe, and the astounding
benefits of natural lifestyle and natural hoof form. A professional plea. As recently as 2001, I was
prescribing egg-bar shoes, pads, impression material and other bizarre procedures--I can't
do that anymore. I deeply regret that many horses died at my hands because I didn't know
what to do to save them. Now when I see horses with similar conditions, I can treat them
without prescribing shoes, indeed often without anything more complicated than proper
trimming of their hooves, movement, and diet. Most of these horses are better in a short
time. Better yet, by keeping clients' horses out of shoes all together as they mature, the
typical, super-prevalent hoof problems will largely be a thing of the past. I encourage
all veterinarians to become students of the hoof and experience the huge degree of
personal satisfaction that is attained by saving that "hopeless" case, and see
the relief in the eyes of owners when they realize they'll never have to shoe their horses
again--the gratitude and admiration I continue to receive from these folks begins a
journey from ownership to stewardship. I implore all veterinarians to learn
about the much better ways we have of truly protecting horses' feet with alternatives to
steel shoes--the natural trim based upon the rediscovered and continually-improving
understanding of the workings of the equine foot, and a myriad of different hoof boot
designs with more coming all the time. Boots allow a horse’s feet to have vital
mechanism with every step, and can completely protect the feet. It's really hard for me to
even fathom using a steel shoe at all because these devices are simply not offering
anything beneficial to a horse...only harm. We can’t continue to apply them and feel
good about it. This is a plea to equine
professionals everywhere. People around the world will need your help in implementing what
they want for their horses. It is up to you to look at the available data, evaluate it
critically, relate it to the anatomy and physiology of the horse and apply it to the
horses in your care. By doing so you will become an integral part of improving the health
and welfare of horses everywhere. The power of truth. "All
truth passes through three stages. First, it is ridiculed. Second, it is violently
opposed. Third, it is accepted as being self-evident." ~ Arthur Schopenhauer I encourage those who have acquired
this truth. Speak with conviction, but maintain an open ear to the concerns of others.
Listen as they express their insecurities and ignorance concerning the use of steel shoes;
remember, that is all they have ever known. Be honest about the time and effort it will
take to undo the harm shoes have caused. Learning how to enlighten and influence those
that have a difficult time seeing and/or admitting what it is best for the horse is our
goal. I am continuing to learn every day as
I listen to people and their concerns. I'm learning what is best to say and how best to
say it. Sometimes, I don’t know the whole answer, and it's actually helpful when that
happens, because it forces me to learn more, dig deeper, and consult with others who know
more than I do. It has never caused an erosion of the base of truth concerning the horse's
hoof; rather, it allows me to further strengthen that base for my convictions. For more information, refer to www.unitedhorsemanship.org, www.equinextion.com or run an internet search for
"barefoot horse", or email me directly, at tteskey@c2i2.com. |
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